Aviation history deals with the development of mechanical flight, from the earliest attempts in kite-powered and gliding flight, to powered heavier-than-air flight, and beyond.

Humanity's desire to fly possibly first found expression in China, where people flying tied to kites is recorded (as a punishment) from the 6th century CE. Subsequently, the first glider flight was demonstrated by Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus in the 9th century CE. Leonardo da Vinci's (15th c.) dream of flight found expression in several designs, but he did not attempt to demonstrate flight. It was in Europe during the late 18th century that serious attempts at flight would first take place.

Tethered balloons filled with hot air were perfected in the first half of the 19th century and saw considerable action in several mid-century wars, most notably the American Civil War, where balloons provided observation during the battle of Petersburg.

Experiments with gliders laid a groundwork to build heavier than air craft, and by the early 20th century advancements in engine technology made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. Since then, aircraft designers have struggled to make their craft go faster, further, fly higher, and be controlled more easily: Important factors involved in building an airplane are:

• Control : Initially gliders were controlled by moving the entire body (Otto Lilienthal) or warping the wings (Wright brothers). Modern airplanes use control surfaces such as ailerons and elevators. On some military aircraft these control surfaces are stabilized by a computer system to the extent that stable flight is not possible without the computer.

• Power : Aircraft engines have become lighter and more efficient, from Clement Ader's steam engine to piston, jet and rocket engines.

• Material : Initially made of canvas and wood, aircraft materials moved to doped fabric and steel tubing, all aluminum monocoque construction (around WWII), and increasingly today, composites.